The last nine chapters of the Old Testament (or ten in most Christian English Bible translations, which follow the Septuagint’s enumeration) constitute arguably the most difficult texts for the interpreter of the Old Testament. Despite the presence of nations’ names (e.g., Zech. 9:1–7), there are no obvious or readily identifiable historical events that lie behind these texts. Moreover, there is no specific individual, like a Haggai or a Zechariah, to whom the literature may be attributed.
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